The Swords and their Semantics in the New Testament

Abstract

The New Testament knows of weapons and armor. Among these, the “sword” (μάχαιρα and ῥομφαία) is mentioned most frequently. Such “sword”-texts can be found in the Gospels, in Acts, and in the letters and Revelation. This article analyses the contexts in which swords are mentioned and in what sense (literally and/or metaphorically). It will also investigate the semantic differentiation of the two terms μάχαιρα or ῥομφαία in the New Testament. Furthermore, the theological and Christological significance of the sayings, texts, and visions about the sword is examined. It is evident on several occasions that Jesus never takes up a sword or any other weapon with his hand, not even when he is taken prisoner. He renounces the use of violence and calls on his followers to do the same. The only weapon he metaphorically takes up is the “sword from his mouth”, the Word of God with its indestructible power.